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【文化之窗】毛家坪遗址中的“殉马奇迹”
时间:2018-05-18 17:07:36    来源:甘谷县文化广播影视局     作者:王根祥
  毛家坪遗址位于甘肃省天水市甘谷县磐安镇毛家坪村,属于早期秦文化遗址,是“秦文化的发源地”,遗址分布在渭河南岸的二级台地上,东西宽约600米,南北长约1000米面积约60万平方米。1947年,裴文中先生在渭河流域调查时首次发现。1981年,毛家坪遗址被公布为甘肃省文物保护单位,1982—1983年由甘肃省文物工作队和北京大学考古学系联合对遗址进行了两次发掘。2012年7月,由甘肃省文物考古研究所、陕西省考古研究院、 北京大学考古文博学院、国家博物馆及西北大学文化遗产学院联合组成的早期秦文化课题组又对毛家坪遗址进行了进一步发掘。
  迄今为止,毛家坪遗址共发掘春秋、战国各个时期的大小墓葬199座,灰坑752座,出土文物包含陶器、石器、玉器、青铜器、骨器等1000余件。在这些出土文物中,最令人称奇的还是发掘出的5坐车马坑,考古学家们把这称作为“殉马奇迹”。
  车马坑K1001坑内出土的器物中,双轮独辀车的车横、车轭、车辕、车轮、车毂、车轴结构清晰,是甘谷县境内周代车马坑的首次发现,弥足珍贵。
  毛家坪遗址沟东墓葬区发掘车马坑1座K1002,该车马坑为东西向竖穴土坑,开口于垫土层下,平面呈梯形,口大底小,坑内填黄褐色花土,并经夯打,土质较硬,呈板结状。两匹马东西向平行跪卧。随葬品包括车横上放置的一柄铜制长矛及络扣、马衔、石质叉形饰,根据出土的铜矛形制判断,该车很可能属于战车,墓主人一定是一位乘此战车参加过征伐的将军,其年代为春秋时期。
  沟西墓葬区发掘车马坑3座,编号分别为K201、K202、K203。
  K201:坑内西边的车马与东边的车马均为驷马单輈车,中部的车马为两马单輈,马身上着彩色漆革甲胄,并缝制铜泡,车舆上也有彩色舆板,里侧为朱红色漆革,外侧为黑底红彩的动物纹图样。1号车前有4匹马,马骨基本保存完好,马头朝东,呈跪伏姿态。驷马跪伏姿态一致,没有垂死挣扎之状,应为死后下葬。2号车前有两匹马,马身上及头部覆盖有较完整的髹漆皮革物,应该为彩绘漆革的马甲胄,同时马甲胄上附着大铜泡,甲片的皮胎均已腐烂,剩下彩绘皮革。3号车前有四匹马,马骨基本保存完好,马头骨被2号车所压,呈跪伏姿态。驷马跪伏姿态一致,也没有垂死挣扎之状,应为死后下葬。
  K202:结构为两匹马拉一车,车马坑大体平面呈梯形,东西两侧底边基本平行,坑底平面形状为梯形,坑壁基本竖直。马骨基本保存完整。左右两匹服马呈跪伏姿态。没有挣扎状况,应为死后放置其中。在两匹马尾处均发现有石鱼的痕迹,左服马尾椎末端有10件青石制成的鱼形饰,右服马尾椎末端亦有10件石鱼。
  K203:平面形状成长方形,坑底平面形状亦呈长方形,坑底各边尺寸与坑口尺寸所差不大,所以坑壁基本竖直。1号车车身形制大致同K201的1号车,车前有四匹马,马骨基本保存完整。马骨呈跪伏姿态。2号车车身形制大致同K201的2号车,车前有两匹马,马骨基本保存完整。马骨呈跪伏姿态。左右服马皆披彩绘皮甲,均由胄、颈甲、身甲三部分组成。3号车车身形制大致同K201的3号车,车前有4具马骨,马骨整体基本保存完好,马骨呈跪伏姿态。左骖马头部上放置有骨朵形铜器,后连木柲,截面为圆形,该木柲弯曲变形,外髹红色漆。右骖马头部散落管状络饰6件。                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      
  5座车马坑所埋葬的全是马匹和马车,是王公贵族的殉葬品,坑道中的马匹尸骨完好,是原来埋下时的样子。马匹尸骨空间安排得很均匀,分作两行,排列整齐,马头向东,或是站立或是侧卧,有些颈上还特别系有铜铃。这说明它们被埋的时候仍然活着。据考古学家根据各种表象所取得的证明,它们被放进坑里前吃了一些加盐的饲料,因此食后口渴。这时它们就被给予含麻醉剂的水喝。在麻醉剂要发生效力的时候,它们便被当头打了一棒,立即晕倒,然后被放进坑里指定的战车旁,最后堆上土埋起来。
  据历史记载,先秦时期的人喜欢养马、爱马,而这些殉葬的马匹都是他们的战马,是被套在战车上的,为他们的夸张力量立下了“汗马功劳”的战马。如果按当时一辆战车配备两匹马或四匹马,那么1000辆战车就需要配备2000至4000匹战马,因而靠养马发展起来的秦国当时被号称“战车之国”,非常强盛。故而历史学家们曾以“历史瑰宝,堪称一绝”、“秦人殉马千数,其为豪情第一夸天下;秦皇兵俑数千,自以雄风无双表今世”赞誉也不为过。
  西周时代,国之大事在祀与戎,在早期秦文化中表现的尤为突出,尤其是对于戎的战争,从秦仲起至穆公几乎没有中断过。秦人与当地戎人冲突不断,战马与战车是秦人作战制胜的法宝。《秦风》诸篇展示了秦人战车与战马的威风,“有车邻邻,有马白颠”。“驷驖孔阜,六辔在手”。“輶车鸾镳,载猃歇骄”等诗句中无不显示出秦人战车发出的震撼之声、秦人战马的高大威猛、秦人武士的勇猛不屈。尤其《小戎》蔑视戎人,“小戎俴收,五楘粱辀。游环胁驱,阴靷鋈续。”其车之精美可见一斑。“四牡孔阜,六辔在手。騏駠是中,騧骊是驂。”为了增强气势,马队的颜色都有统一要求,是与“驷驖”一致的黑色。《无衣》一直被视作秦人的战歌,同仇敌忾,奋勇杀敌,“忘生轻死”的精神气概跃然可见。《秦风》时代的战车均为四马战车,而毛家坪战车为两马战车,显然毛家坪战车出现的时代要早于《秦风》时代。综上所述,甘谷毛家坪遗址又翻开了秦文化研究崭新的一页,揭开了秦人先祖始居陇右之谜,朱圉山是秦人初到陇右的家园,并向南发展到礼县境内的红河、盐官、永兴、永坪一带,朱圉山周边就是后世所谓的西垂。非子依靠该区域内古坡草场牧马,发展到汘渭之间的关山草场。出土战车见证了秦人早期与周边戎人的战斗残酷,在依靠战马和战车赢得天下的秦人发展史上这些战车意义非常重大。
 
 
 

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